Modeling techniques[edit]
Polygon modeling[edit]
Main article: Polygon modeling
Polygon modeling is more common with game design than any other modeling technique as the very specific control over individual polygons allows for extreme optimization. Usually, the modeler begins with one of the 3ds max primitives, and using such tools as bevel and extrude, adds detail to and refines the model. Versions 4 and up feature the Editable Polygon object, which simplifies most mesh editing operations, and provides subdivision smoothing at customizable levels (see NURMS).
Version 7 introduced the edit poly modifier, which allows the use of the tools available in the editable polygon object to be used higher in the modifier stack (i.e., on top of other modifications).
NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines)[edit]
An alternative to polygons, it gives a smoothed out surface that eliminates the straight edges of a polygon model. NURBS is a mathematically exact representation of freeform surfaces like those used for car bodies and ship hulls, which can be exactly reproduced at any resolution whenever needed. With NURBS, a smooth sphere can be created with only one face.
The non-uniform property of NURBS brings up an important point. Because they are generated mathematically, NURBS objects have a parameter space in addition to the 3D geometric space in which they are displayed. Specifically, an array of values called knots specifies the extent of influence of each control vertex (CV) on the curve or surface. Knots are invisible in 3D space and you can't manipulate them directly, but occasionally their behavior affects the visible appearance of the NURBS object. Parameter space is one-dimensional for curves, which have only a single U dimension topologically, even though they exist geometrically in 3D space. Surfaces have two dimensions in parameter space, called U and V.[5]
NURBS curves and surfaces have the important properties of not changing under the standard geometric affine transformations (Transforms), or under perspective projections. The CVs have local control of the object: moving a CV or changing its weight does not affect any part of the object beyond the neighboring CVs. (You can override this property by using the Soft Selection controls.) Also, the control lattice that connects CVs surrounds the surface. This is known as the convex hull property.[6]
Surface tool/editable patch object[edit]
Surface tool was originally a 3rd party plugin, but Kinetix acquired and included this feature since version 3.0.[citation needed] The surface tool is for creating common 3ds Max splines, and then applying a modifier called "surface." This modifier makes a surface from every 3 or 4 vertices in a grid. This is often seen as an alternative to "mesh" or "nurbs" modeling, as it enables a user to interpolate curved sections with straight geometry (for example a hole through a box shape). Although the surface tool is a useful way to generate parametrically accurate geometry, it lacks the "surface properties" found in the similar Edit Patch modifier, which enables a user to maintain the original parametric geometry whilst being able to adjust "smoothing groups" between faces.[citation needed]
Predefined primitives[edit]
This is a basic method, in which one models something using only boxes, spheres, cones, cylinders and other predefined objects from the list of Predefined Standard Primitives or a list of Predefined Extended Primitives. One may also apply boolean operations, including subtract, cut and connect. For example, one can make two spheres which will work as blobs that will connect with each other. These are calledmetaballs.[7]
Box: Produces a rectangular prism. An alternative variation of box, called Cube, proportionally constrains the length, width and height of the box. Cylinder: Produces a cylinder. Torus: Produces a torus – or a ring – with a circular cross section, sometimes referred to as a doughnut. Teapot: Produces a Utah teapot. Since the teapot is a parametric object, the user can choose which parts of the teapot to display after creation. These parts include the body, handle, spout and lid. Cone: Produces upright or inverted cones. Sphere: Produces a full sphere, hemisphere, or other portion of a sphere. Tube: Produces round or prismatic tubes. The tube is similar to the cylinder with a hole in it. Pyramid: Produces a pyramid with a square or rectangular base and triangular sides. Plane: Produces a special type of flat polygon mesh that can be enlarged by any amount at render time. The user can specify factors to magnify the size or number of segments, or both. Modifiers such as displace can be added to a plane to simulate a hilly terrain. Geosphere: Produces spheres and hemispheres based on three classes of regular polyhedrons.
Standard primitives[edit]
Extended primitives[edit]
| Hedra: | Produces objects from several families of polyhedra. |
| ChamferBox: | Produces a box with beveled or rounded edges. |
| OilTank: | Creates a cylinder with convex caps. |
| Spindle: | Creates a cylinder with conical caps. |
| Gengon: | Creates an extruded, regular-sided polygon with optionally filleted side edges. |
| Prism: | Creates a three-sided prism with independently segmented sides. |
| Torus knot: | Creates a complex or knotted torus by drawing 2D curves in the normal planes around a 3D curve. The 3D curve (called the Base Curve) can be either a circle or a torus knot. It can be converted from a torus knot object to a NURBS surface. |
| ChamferCyl: | Creates a cylinder with beveled or rounded cap edges. |
| Capsule: | Creates a cylinder with hemispherical caps. |
| L-Ex: | Creates an extruded L-shaped object. |
| C-Ext: | Creates an extruded C-shaped object. |
| Hose: | Creates a flexible object, similar to a spring. |
Rendering[edit]
- Scanline rendering
- The default rendering method in 3DS Max is scanline rendering. Several advanced features have been added to the scanliner over the years, such as global illumination, radiosity, and ray tracing.
- mental ray
- mental ray is a production quality renderer developed by mental images. It is integrated into the later versions of 3ds Max, and is a powerful raytracing renderer with bucket rendering, a technique that allows distributing the rendering task for a single image between several computers efficiently, using TCP network protocol.
- RenderMan
- A third party connection tool to RenderMan pipelines is also available for those that need to integrate Max into Renderman render farms. Used by Pixar for rendering several of their CGI animated films.
- V-Ray
- A third-party render engine plug-in for 3D Studio MAX. It is widely used, frequently substituting the standard and mental ray renderers which are included bundled with 3ds Max. V-Ray continues to be compatible with older versions of 3ds Max.
- Brazil R/S
- A third-party high-quality photorealistic rendering system created by SplutterFish, LLC capable of fast ray tracing and global illumination.
- FurryBall
- Advanced real-time GPU production quality final frame renderer using raytrace as well as rasterize - based on Nvidia OptiX
- FinalRender
- Another third-party raytracing render engine created by Cebas. Capable of simulating a wide range of real-world physical phenomena.
- Arion
- A third party hybrid GPU+CPU interactive, unbiased raytracer created by RandomControl, based on Nvidia CUDA.
- Indigo Renderer
- A third-party photorealistic renderer with plugins for 3ds max.
- Maxwell Render
- A third-party photorealistic rendering system created by Next Limit Technologies providing robust materials and highly accurate unbiased rendering.
- Octane Render
- A third party unbiased GPU raytracer with plugins for 3ds max, based on Nvidia CUDA.
- BIGrender 3.0
- Another third-party rendering plugin. Capable of overcoming 3DS rendering memory limitations with rendering huge pictures.
- Luxrender
- An open-source raytracer supporting 3DS Max, Cinema 4D, Softimage, and Blender. Focuses on photorealism by simulating real light physics as much as possible.
- corona render
- A third-party photorealistic renderer with plugins for 3ds max.
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